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相关基础
AS 用法
as 在 mysql 中用来给列/表起别名 如:
-- 给列起别名, 把列为name的别名命名为student_name
select name as student_name from student;
-- 给表起别名, 把表student的别名命名为data_list
select * from student…mysql with 的用法 (含 with recursive)
相关基础
AS 用法
as 在 mysql 中用来给列/表起别名 如:
-- 给列起别名, 把列为name的别名命名为student_name
select name as student_name from student;
-- 给表起别名, 把表student的别名命名为data_list
select * from student as data_list;
-- 给查询结果/表达式起别名
select length(name) as name_length from student;UNION 用法
union 用于结合多个 sql 查询结果于单个结果集中
query_expression_body UNION [ALL | DISTINCT] query_block[UNION [ALL | DISTINCT] query_expression_body][...]mysql SELECT 1, 2;
------
| 1 | 2 |
------
| 1 | 2 |
------mysql SELECT a, b;
------
| a | b |
------
| a | b |
------mysql SELECT 1, 2 UNION SELECT a, b;
------
| 1 | 2 |
------
| 1 | 2 |
| a | b |
------with (Common Table Expressions)
Common Table ExpressionsCTE是一个命名的临时结果集存在于单个语句的范围内以后该临时结果集可以在该语句中引用, 甚至可能多次引用。 语法:
with_clause:WITH [RECURSIVE]cte_name [(col_name [, col_name] ...)] AS (subquery)[, cte_name [(col_name [, col_name] ...)] AS (subquery)] ...示例:
WITHcte1 AS (SELECT a, b FROM table1),cte2 AS (SELECT c, d FROM table2)
SELECT b, d FROM cte1 JOIN cte2
WHERE cte1.a cte2.c;--下面两个查询等价
WITH cte (col1, col2) AS
(SELECT 1, 2UNION ALLSELECT 3, 4
)
SELECT col1, col2 FROM cte;WITH cte AS
(SELECT 1 AS col1, 2 AS col2UNION ALLSELECT 3, 4
)
SELECT col1, col2 FROM cte;用法 在 select, update, delete 语句前 WITH ... SELECT ...
WITH ... UPDATE ...
WITH ... DELETE ...在子查询前 SELECT ... WHERE id IN (WITH ... SELECT ...) ...
SELECT * FROM (WITH ... SELECT ...) AS dt ...于含 select 的语句的 select 前 INSERT ... WITH ... SELECT ...
REPLACE ... WITH ... SELECT ...
CREATE TABLE ... WITH ... SELECT ...
CREATE VIEW ... WITH ... SELECT ...
DECLARE CURSOR ... WITH ... SELECT ...
EXPLAIN ... WITH ... SELECT ...同一级别只允许一个 WITH 子句 -- 错误示范
WITH cte1 AS (...) WITH cte2 AS (...) SELECT ...
-- 正确示范1
WITH cte1 AS (...), cte2 AS (...) SELECT ...
-- 正确示范2, 语句中可含有多个with, 前提是他们都在不同的层级
WITH cte1 AS (SELECT 1)SELECT * FROM (WITH cte2 AS (SELECT 2) SELECT * FROM cte2 JOIN cte1) AS dt;一个 with 语句能定义一个或多个 CTE, 但每个 CTE 在该语句中都是唯一的 -- 错误示范, 两个cte命名都是cte1
WITH cte1 AS (...), cte1 AS (...) SELECT ...
-- 正确示范
WITH cte1 AS (...), cte2 AS (...) SELECT ...递归 CTE (Recursive Common Table Expressions)
示例 1 递归增长
WITH RECURSIVE cte (n) AS
(SELECT 1UNION ALLSELECT n 1 FROM cte WHERE n 5
)
SELECT * FROM cte;上述 sql 输出结果如下:
------
| n |
------
| 1 |
| 2 |
| 3 |
| 4 |
| 5 |
------该 sql 可以分成两部分, 一部分是非递归部分, 用于初始化行数据:
SELECT 1另一部分是递归部分:
SELECT n 1 FROM cte WHERE n 5等价于以下代码:
(function test(a) {console.log(a);a;if (a 5) {test(a);}
})(1);// 1
// 2
// 3
// 4
// 5示例 2 递归字符串拼接
WITH RECURSIVE cte AS
(SELECT 1 AS n, abc AS strUNION ALLSELECT n 1, CONCAT(str, str) FROM cte WHERE n 3
)
SELECT * FROM cte;在非严格模式下, 输出以下内容:
------------
| n | str |
------------
| 1 | abc |
| 2 | abc |
| 3 | abc |
------------严格模式下, 则会报错: ERROR 1406 (22001): Data too long for column str at row 1 定义str列时, 用abc定义, 该操作同时定义了长度为length(abc), 故拼接时, 会超出长度 将上述 sql 调整一下 WITH RECURSIVE cte AS
(SELECT 1 AS n, CAST(abc AS CHAR(20)) AS strUNION ALLSELECT n 1, CONCAT(str, str) FROM cte WHERE n 3
)
SELECT * FROM cte;即可正常输出:
--------------------
| n | str |
--------------------
| 1 | abc |
| 2 | abcabc |
| 3 | abcabcabcabc |
--------------------限制 CTE 循环次数
输入以下 sql 时, 会提示Recursive query aborted after 1048577 iterations. Try increasing cte_max_recursion_depth to a larger value.
WITH RECURSIVE cte (n) AS
(SELECT 1UNION ALLSELECT n 1 FROM cte
)
SELECT * FROM cte;默认情况下, cte_max_recursion_depth的值为 1000, 会限制 CTE 的循环次数, 可以通过修改cte_max_recursion_depth修改循环次数上限.
通过修改cte_max_recursion_depth修改循环次数上限后, 可通过limit限制上限. cte_max_recursion_depthlimit 故当 limit 较大时, 需先修改cte_max_recursion_depth, 否则较大的limit不生效 WITH RECURSIVE cte (n) AS
(SELECT 1UNION ALLSELECT n 1 FROM cte LIMIT 10000
)
SELECT * FROM cte;斐波那契数列
WITH RECURSIVE fibonacci (n, fib_n, next_fib_n) AS
(SELECT 1, 0, 1UNION ALLSELECT n 1, next_fib_n, fib_n next_fib_nFROM fibonacci WHERE n 10
)
SELECT * FROM fibonacci;-------------------------
| n | fib_n | next_fib_n |
-------------------------
| 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 2 | 1 | 1 |
| 3 | 1 | 2 |
| 4 | 2 | 3 |
| 5 | 3 | 5 |
| 6 | 5 | 8 |
| 7 | 8 | 13 |
| 8 | 13 | 21 |
| 9 | 21 | 34 |
| 10 | 34 | 55 |
-------------------------日期序列生成
mysql SELECT * FROM sales ORDER BY date, price;
--------------------
| date | price |
--------------------
| 2022-01-03 | 100.00 |
| 2022-01-03 | 200.00 |
| 2022-01-06 | 50.00 |
| 2022-01-08 | 10.00 |
| 2022-01-08 | 20.00 |
| 2022-01-08 | 150.00 |
| 2022-01-17 | 5.00 |
--------------------求每日总sales时
mysql SELECT date, SUM(price) AS sum_priceFROM salesGROUP BY dateORDER BY date;
-----------------------
| date | sum_price |
-----------------------
| 2022-01-10 | 300.00 |
| 2022-01-13 | 50.00 |
| 2022-01-15 | 180.00 |
| 2022-01-17 | 5.00 |
-----------------------这样产生的结果, 中间会缺少部分日期. 先写个 sql, 根据日期, 输出中间的日期列表:
WITH RECURSIVE dates (date) AS
(SELECT MIN(date) FROM salesUNION ALLSELECT date INTERVAL 1 DAY FROM datesWHERE date INTERVAL 1 DAY (SELECT MAX(date) FROM sales)
)
SELECT * FROM dates;------------
| date |
------------
| 2022-01-10 |
| 2022-01-11 |
| 2022-01-12 |
| 2022-01-13 |
| 2022-01-14 |
| 2022-01-15 |
| 2022-01-16 |
| 2022-01-17 |
------------结合上述 sql:
WITH RECURSIVE dates (date) AS
(SELECT MIN(date) FROM salesUNION ALLSELECT date INTERVAL 1 DAY FROM datesWHERE date INTERVAL 1 DAY (SELECT MAX(date) FROM sales)
)
SELECT dates.date, COALESCE(SUM(price), 0) AS sum_price
FROM dates LEFT JOIN sales ON dates.date sales.date
GROUP BY dates.date
ORDER BY dates.date;-----------------------
| date | sum_price |
-----------------------
| 2022-01-10 | 300.00 |
| 2022-01-11 | 0.00 |
| 2022-01-12 | 0.00 |
| 2022-01-13 | 50.00 |
| 2022-01-14 | 0.00 |
| 2022-01-15 | 180.00 |
| 2022-01-16 | 0.00 |
| 2022-01-17 | 5.00 |
-----------------------分层数据遍历
简单写个 sql, 建表并插入数据
CREATE TABLE employees (id INT PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL,name VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,manager_id INT NULL,INDEX (manager_id),
FOREIGN KEY (manager_id) REFERENCES employees (id)
);
INSERT INTO employees VALUES
(117, Zzs, NULL), # zzs is the boss (manager_id is NULL)
(198, John, 117), # John has ID 198 and reports to 117 (zzs)
(692, Tarek, 117),
(29, Pedro, 198),
(4610, Sarah, 29),
(72, Pierre, 29),
(123, Adil, 692);此时数据库内数据如下:
mysql SELECT * FROM employees ORDER BY id;
---------------------------
| id | name | manager_id |
---------------------------
| 29 | Pedro | 198 |
| 72 | Pierre | 29 |
| 117 | Zzs | NULL |
| 123 | Adil | 692 |
| 198 | John | 117 |
| 692 | Tarek | 117 |
| 4610 | Sarah | 29 |
---------------------------通过以下 sql, 查询出管理链路:
WITH RECURSIVE employee_paths (id, name, path) AS
(SELECT id, name, CAST(id AS CHAR(200))FROM employeesWHERE manager_id IS NULLUNION ALLSELECT e.id, e.name, CONCAT(ep.path, ,, e.id)FROM employee_paths AS ep JOIN employees AS eON ep.id e.manager_id
)
SELECT * FROM employee_paths ORDER BY path;查询结果如下:
--------------------------------
| id | name | path |
--------------------------------
| 117 | Zzs | 117 |
| 198 | John | 117,198 |
| 29 | Pedro | 117,198,29 |
| 4610 | Sarah | 117,198,29,4610 |
| 72 | Pierre | 117,198,29,72 |
| 692 | Tarek | 117,692 |
| 123 | Adil | 117,692,123 |
--------------------------------参考文档
WITH (Common Table Expressions)
